重點(diǎn)詞語用法
1．while[wail]的用法
1)while可以用作并列連詞，表示對(duì)比意義，譯為“而”，“卻”。如：
①Instead, he asked his father why he was not able to hatch chickens, while hens could.
他反而問他父親為什么他不能孵小雞，而母雞卻能。
②Jane was dressed in blue, while Mary dressed in red.
珍妮穿藍(lán)色衣服，而瑪麗卻穿紅色衣服。
2)while還可以用作從屬連詞，作“在……期間”，“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”講，使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意它與用作從屬連詞的when的區(qū)別：
▲when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，既可表示“一段時(shí)間”，又可表示“一點(diǎn)時(shí)間”，因此從句的謂語動(dòng)詞既可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是非延續(xù)性的。如：
③I hope to see you when I stay in Beijing on business.
(一段時(shí)間)當(dāng)我出差北京時(shí)，希望見到你。
④When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out.
(一點(diǎn)時(shí)間)當(dāng)鐘敲響十二下時(shí)，燈全部熄滅了。
【注意】while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句只能表示“一段時(shí)間”所以while從句的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞)。例如：
⑤While I stayed(or was) in Shanghai, I saw her three times.
我在上海期間見到她三次。
▲如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的，可以用while也可以用when。如：
⑥While(When)we were having a meeting, a stranger came in.
我們?cè)陂_會(huì)時(shí)，一個(gè)陌生人走了進(jìn)來。
2．a(chǎn)ccept與receive的用法和區(qū)別
1)accept用作動(dòng)詞，意為“接受”，指經(jīng)過考慮，由主觀意志來決定接受，動(dòng)作者本身是主動(dòng)的。例如：
①He couldn't accept our suggestions but our gifts.
他們不能接受我們的建議但接受了我們的禮品。
②She was very glad to accept the invitation.
她非常愉快地接受了邀請(qǐng)。
2)receive也是用作動(dòng)詞，意為“接到”，指收到某物這一動(dòng)作，本身有一定的被動(dòng)性，不包含本身是否愿意接受的意思。例如：
③ He did not receive a good education at university.
他沒在大學(xué)受過良好教育。
④I received an invitation to the party yesterday, but I refused to accept it.
昨天我接到一份參加晚會(huì)的邀請(qǐng)，但我拒不接受。
3．count 的用法
count[kaunt] vt．?dāng)?shù)，計(jì)算；看作，算作。例如：
①Can you count the number of the students in the class？
你能清點(diǎn)一下班里的人數(shù)嗎？
②Count 30 then come and find me.
數(shù)到三十然后來找我。
③Don't count chickens before they are hatched.
[諺語] 雞未孵出，不要點(diǎn)數(shù)。
④After such a bad accident, you should count yourself lucky you are alive.
遭此嚴(yán)重的事故后，你還能活著，要算你幸運(yùn)。
⑤I count it a great honour to be working with you.
能和你一起工作，我感到不勝榮幸。
⑥ He counted this experience as part of his education.
他把這段經(jīng)歷看作自己所受的一部分教育。
4．manner的單復(fù)數(shù)問題
1)manner用作單數(shù)，有“方法”，“態(tài)度”的意思
①Do it in a businesslike manner.
要鄭重其事地做這事。
②He spoke in such a manner as to offend them.
他用這種方式說話，以致于傷了他的感情。
③I don't like his manner．我不喜歡他的態(tài)度。
2)manner用作復(fù)數(shù)，即manners表示“禮貌，規(guī)矩”，“風(fēng)俗，習(xí)慣”的意思。
①Aren't you forgetting your manners?
你是不是沒禮貌了？
②He has no manners at all．他毫無禮貌。
③He studies the manners of the ancients.
他研究古人的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。
【注意】要說It is good/bad manners to do sth.
④It's bad manners to talk with a full mouth.
嘴里吃著東西說話是不禮貌的。
3)常用的幾個(gè)復(fù)合形容詞：
well-mannered 有禮貌的
ill-mannered 無禮貌的
rough-mannered 粗魯?shù)?/p>
5．close的多種用法
1)close用作形容詞，可表示“(空間、時(shí)間上的)接近”，也可表示“(關(guān)系的)親近。”
①The church is close to our school.
教堂離學(xué)校很近。
②The two buildings are close together.
兩座建筑物距離很近。
③The children are close to each other in age.
孩子們年齡相近。
④Their birthdays are very close together.
他們生日很近。
⑤He and his father are very close.
他和父親很親近。
【注意】a close contest, match, election 譯為“勢(shì)均力敵的競(jìng)賽、比賽、選舉”
2)close可用作副詞，表空間距離上的近
①He stood close against the wall.
他緊靠著墻站著。
②Tom found a man following close behind him.
湯姆發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)人緊跟在他后面。
【注意】closely也是副詞，但它表示抽象意義，譯作“仔細(xì)地，密切地”
①The two events are closely connected.
這兩件事有密切關(guān)系。
②You should listen closely．你該仔細(xì)聽。
3)close可用作動(dòng)詞，表示“關(guān)閉”，“不營(yíng)業(yè)”
①If you close your eyes, you can't see anything.
若閉上眼睛，那你就什么也看不見了。
②The shops close at 5∶30．商店5點(diǎn)半關(guān)門。
4)close還可用作名詞。bring sth. to a close 是“結(jié)束某事物”的意思
①At the close of the day, he went back.
在黃昏的時(shí)候，他回來了。
②The ceremony was brought to a close by the singing of the national anthem.
典禮在國(guó)歌聲中結(jié)束。
【注意】不同詞性close讀音不同，close, n. ＆ v. [kl+uz]；close, adj. ＆adv. [kl+us]
重要詞組短語
1．not…but…的用法
not…but…為并列連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列成分，意為“不是……而是”。例如：
①He is not a student, but a teacher.
他不是學(xué)生，而是教師。(并列表語)
②They are not speaking English, but writing letters.
他們不是在講英語，而是在寫信。(并列謂語)
③Not the student but his parents want to ask for my advice on how to improve spoken English.
不是這個(gè)學(xué)生而是學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)要求我給提些如何改善口語英語的建議。(并列主語)
【注意】當(dāng)“not…but…”連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞必須與靠近的那個(gè)主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。又如：
2．mean to do 和mean doing 的用法區(qū)別
mean to do是“打算，企圖”的意思。mean doing是表示“意味著”的意思。
①I had meant to leave on Sunday.
我本打算周日走。
②I mean to stay here for a long time.
我打算在這兒呆很久。
③Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
趕不上火車預(yù)示著要再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。
④Revolution means liberating the productive forces.
革命意味著解放生產(chǎn)力。
【注意】mean通常不與否定的動(dòng)詞不定式搭配
①I did not mean to hurt you.
我并不是故意得罪你。
(不說：I meant not to hurt you. )
②I meant no harm to you.
我對(duì)你并無惡意。
(不說：I meant not to harm you.)
3．manage to do sth. 和try to do sth. 用法區(qū)別
▲try to do sth. 意思是“盡力，設(shè)法去做某事”，結(jié)果如何，不得而知。而manage to do sib.，則表示“設(shè)法做成了某事”
①Jim had a lot of homework, but he managed to finish it before bedtime.
吉姆有很多家庭作業(yè)，但他終于在睡覺前完成了。
②Jim had a lot of homework, but he said he would try to finish it before bedtime.
吉姆有很多家庭作業(yè)，他說他將設(shè)法在睡覺前完成。
▲manage還表示“經(jīng)營(yíng)，管理”的意思
①She managed the house very well.
她把家管得很好。
②Who will manage the store when you are away?
你不在的時(shí)候誰來經(jīng)營(yíng)商店？
▲與can或could連用，意為“能辦好某件難事”，口語中還可作“吃，渡過”解
①It's too heavy, but I can manage it.
雖然它很重，但是我能搬動(dòng)。
②I don't think we can manage a huge fish like that just between the two of us.
我看單是我們兩個(gè)人吃不了這么大的一條魚。
③If you can get the material, we can manage the money.
如果你們搞到了原料，資金我們能想辦法。
常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)
1．make +賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語
在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補(bǔ)足語可以是不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式、過去分詞或形容詞形式。
1)make +賓語+不帶to的不定式。這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示的意思是“使某人做某事”。例如：
①Taking some medicine made me feel much better.
服了這些藥使我感到好多了。
②They made the boy stand under a tree.
他們讓那個(gè)男孩站在樹下。
③In the old society, the landlord made the farmers work day and night.
舊社會(huì)地主讓農(nóng)民不分白天黑夜地干活。
【注意】上述例句若變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，補(bǔ)語要用帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：
①I was made to feel much better by taking some medicine.
②The boy was made to stand under a tree.
③In the old society, the farmers were made to work day and night.
2)make +賓語+過去分詞。這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示的意思是“使某人/某事被……”。例如：
①The speaker raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
發(fā)言人提高了嗓音以便別人聽到他說的話。
②Can you make yourself heard at the beginning?
你一開始就能讓別人聽到你的話嗎？
③We should not make our plan known to everybody.
我們不應(yīng)該使每個(gè)人都知道我們的計(jì)劃。
④The teacher spoke very slowly so that he could make himself understood.
老師講得很慢，以便能讓學(xué)生理解他。
⑤She didn't know French at all, so she couldn't make herself understood.
她根本不懂法語，所以她不能表明自己的意思。
3)make +賓語+形容詞。這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示的意思是“使某人/某事(變得)……”例如：
①The interesting story made him very happy.
這個(gè)有趣的故事使他很高興。
②They have made the house clean and tidy.
他們把房子收拾得干凈而整潔。
③ The smoke made the room dirty.
煙將房子弄臟了。
④This light made the room very bright.
這盞燈使這間房子非常明亮。
⑤What the students did in class made their teacher very angry.
學(xué)生在課堂上所做的事使老師很生氣。
2．“with +復(fù)合賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)既可用作定語，也可用作狀語。
常見的“with +復(fù)合賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)主要有以下五種形式：
1)with +賓語+動(dòng)詞-ing形式
①With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble in getting to the station.
由這個(gè)男孩帶路，我們不難到達(dá)了火車站。
②With the wind blowing heavily, we took great trouble to move on to the front.
由于風(fēng)刮得很大，我們費(fèi)力地往前線進(jìn)發(fā)。
2)with +賓語+過去分詞(past participle)
①The child was crying with the glasses broken.
眼鏡破了，那小孩哭了起來。
②With all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch.
所有的工作都做完了，他們匆忙回家吃午飯。
3)with +賓語+不定式
①With a lot of work to do, we had to be busy working day and night.
有這么多的工作要做，我們只得日夜忙碌。
②With many things to deal with, I have to stop listening to the light music.
有許多事要處理，我只好停止收聽輕音樂。
4)with +賓語+介詞短語
①The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
老師手中拿著一本書走進(jìn)教室。
②She saw a small river with green grass and red flowers on both sides.
她看到一條小河，兩岸長(zhǎng)滿了紅花綠草。
5)with +賓語+形容詞(或副詞)
①Don't sleep with the door and windows open.
不要開著門窗睡覺。
②Tian An Men Square looks even more beautiful with all lights on.
所有的燈都亮著，天安門廣場(chǎng)顯得更加漂亮。
【注意】“with +復(fù)合賓語”在句中既可以用作狀語表示方式或伴隨動(dòng)作，又可以用作定語。例如：
①The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
老師手里拿了一本書走進(jìn)了教室。
②With a boy leading the way, we had little trouble in finding the old man's house.
一個(gè)男孩帶路，我們不難就找到了那位老人的家。
③The teacher with a book in his hand is a new English teacher.
手里拿著一本書的那位老師是一位新來的英語老師。
④The wounded soldier with an old man leading the way got to the hospital very soon.
由一位老人帶路的那個(gè)傷員很快就到達(dá)了醫(yī)院。
3．It is + adj. +(for sb.)to do sth.
此句型是一個(gè)很有用的句型，其中it充當(dāng)形式主語，真正的主語是不定式短語“(for sb.) to do sth.”。例如：
①It is possible for you to work out the problem.
你們有可能解出這道題。
②It is important(for us) to finish the work this week.
(我們)在本周內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作很重要。
③It's not easy to understand what she said.
她所說的話不容易理解。
4．動(dòng)詞-ing形式的句法結(jié)構(gòu)
1)-ing形式用作主語，也可以用it作為形式主語，真正的主語(即動(dòng)詞-ing短語)放在后面。例如：
①Teaching English at middle school is my full-time job.
教英語是我的專職工作。
②It is no use crying over spilt milk.
牛奶灑地，哭也無益。
③In some Arabian countries, shaking one's head from side to side means agreement.
在一些阿拉伯國(guó)家，搖頭表示同意。
④Knowing some other languages is a great help to us.
懂得些其他的語言對(duì)我們來說是有很大幫助的。
2)-ing短語用作狀語，表示方式或伴隨動(dòng)作。例如：
①They stood there, talking and laughing.
他們站在那兒，又說又笑。
②It's not difficult to solve such problems, following the teacher's advice.
按照老師的建議來解決這類問題就不困難了。
③They sat in the classroom, listening to the teacher's lecture.
他們坐在教室里，聽老師講課。
④I waited at the entrance to the railway station, hoping to meet one of my friends.
我站在火車站入口，期望接到我的一個(gè)朋友。
3)-ing用作定語時(shí)的情況。單獨(dú)作定語時(shí)，放在它所修飾的名詞前面；和狀語或賓語一起構(gòu)成短語作定語時(shí)，總是放在它所修飾的名詞后面，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。例如：
①China is a developing country.
(=…which is developing.)
中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中的國(guó)家。
②Who is the boy lying on the ground?
(=…who is lying on the ground.)
躺在地上的那個(gè)男孩是誰？
③They are building a road leading to our village.
(=…which leads to our village.)
他們正在修建一條通往我們村莊的公路。
④The rising sun looks very beautiful.
初升的太陽(yáng)看起來真美麗。
⑤The sun setting in the west looks even more beautiful.
西沉的太陽(yáng)看起來更美。
⑥The people smoking are not welcome here.
抽煙的人在這兒是不受歡迎的。
⑦I can't see clearly those standing at the back.
我看不清站到后面去的那些人。
⑧Who is the one crying?
正在哭的那個(gè)人是誰？
⑨ The woman getting married is a famous singer.
結(jié)婚的那位婦女是一位著名歌手。
⑩Do you know the comrade shaking hands with our English teacher?
你認(rèn)識(shí)和我們老師握手的那位同志嗎？
That tourist looking at her map can play four musical instruments.
那位看地圖的游客能夠演奏四種樂器。
The boy singing now is a classmate of mine.
那位正在唱歌的男孩是我的一位同學(xué)。
4)動(dòng)詞-ing形式用作賓語補(bǔ)足語
在感官動(dòng)詞后面通常可以跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，常用的感官動(dòng)詞有：see, hear, notice, watch, listen to, observe 等。例如：
①I saw them walking along the river yesterday evening.
我昨天傍晚看見他們沿河散步。
②You can notice them dancing to the light music on the square every morning.
每天早晨你都有可能看到他們?cè)趶V場(chǎng)伴隨著輕音樂跳舞。
③ We watched the army marching down the street towards the park.
我們看到部隊(duì)沿著大街朝公園行進(jìn)。
④I counted the people entering the hall, and there were 68 of them.
我點(diǎn)數(shù)著人們進(jìn)入大廳，共有六十八位。
⑤We heard them practising singing English songs in the nest room.
我們聽見他們?cè)诟舯诜块g里練習(xí)演唱英語歌曲。